What is Hypothyroidism ?

Hypothyroidism: Causes and Treatments

Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland fails to produce enough hormones. Since T3 and T4 regulate metabolism and energy balance, their deficiency slows metabolism and causes various symptoms.

Symptoms:

• Fatigue, persistent tiredness

• Unexplained weight gain

• Cold intolerance

• Dry skin, hair loss

• Constipation

• Depression, forgetfulness, difficulty concentrating

• Muscle and joint pain

• Menstrual irregularities in women

• Swelling around the face and eyes

Causes:

1. Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis – Autoimmune destruction of the thyroid gland.

2. Thyroid surgery or radiotherapy – Removal or radiation treatment can reduce hormone production.

3. Iodine imbalance – Both deficiency and excess can cause hypothyroidism.

4. Congenital hypothyroidism – Absent or underdeveloped thyroid gland in newborns.

5. Medications – e.g., lithium.

6. Pituitary or hypothalamic disorders – Insufficient stimulation of the thyroid gland.

Treatment:

• Hormone replacement therapy: Levothyroxine is the standard treatment.

• Dose adjustment and monitoring: Based on TSH and T4 levels.

• Lifestyle: Balanced diet, regular exercise, taking medication on an empty stomach.